Lebanon of the 1975 -1990 Civil War
The Lebanese civil war (1975-1990) was a conflict that saw numerous contenders and frequent reversals of alliances and broke out on April 13, 1975. On that date, in ʿAyn al-Rummāna a neighborhood of Beirut, from a car a Palestinian commando fired on Pierre Gemayel, founder of the Kata'eb phalanx, while he was witnessing the consecration of a church. A few hours later, 27 armed Palestinians, crammed onto a bus passing through the same area, were killed by Christian elements after a violent clash. It was the actual start of the war with the subsequent invasion of Lebanon by the Israeli army in 1982, and with the subsequent massacre in the Palestinian refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila in Beirut by the Lebanese Phalanxes and the Lebanese Army. of the South, and with the complicity of the Israeli army under the command of Ariel Sharon. An unspecified number, estimated between 2000 and 3500 Palestinian and Shiite Lebanese civilians were killed between 16 and 18 September 1982. Following this intervention, the American army intervened, which on 23 October 1983 a double attack by Hezbollah in which 241 US Marines and 58 French soldiers perished, ended their mission in Lebanon. Only the Italian contingent remained in the field to protect the refugee camps. Not only Beirut, the various inter-ethnic conflicts also erupted in the north of the country between the Palestinians led by Abu Mussa supported by Syria, and the fedayeen loyal to Yasser Arafat, who had their stronghold in the Beddawi refugee camp near Tripoli in Lebanon.
